慜偺儁乕僕傊栠傞
搶戝偺抜棊惍彉栤戣

丂搶戝偺抜棊惍彉栤戣傪夝偄偰傒傑偟傚偆丅

丂師偺塸暥偼戞2񑧉񒢐抜棊偑敳偗偰偄傞丅偦傟偧傟偺嬻強傪杽傔傞偺偵嵟傕揔摉側暔傪丆傾乣僇偐傜1偮慖傫偱偦偺婰崋傪婰偣丅6偮偺慖戰巿偺偆偪5偮慖傇偙偲丅


(1) Science and technology have improved our lives over the past 150 years. And there is every possibility, given the correct regulatory framework, that they will do the same over the next 150. The growth of scientific knowledge has allowed us to control some of the risks of life and eliminate some of its worst evils. In particular, advances in medical science have reduced the threat of a great variety of diseases.

(2)
(3)

(4) The benefits of science are thus enormous 乗 and not only in the areas of life expectancy and health care. At present, one of the gravest problems we face is damage to the environment. The rush towards industrialization has led to an unthinking approach to our natural resources. But, unless we want to go back to a pre-industrial world, we will not be able to protect the environment without the use of science.

(5)
(6)

(7) To guard against such threats to human well-being, we must make certain that we have effective systems of regulation in place to ensure that future scientific progress is safe, ethical and environmentally sound. Openness in explaining the meanings and possible consequences of scientific advances is absolutely essential, both in government departments and in the scientific community.

(8)





丂To take one simple example, it was the work of chemists in the USA and Germany that first showed that CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons, used in refrigerators and aerosols, for example) can cause the breakdown of ozone when they are released into the upper levels of the atmosphere. Then, in the 1980s, British scientists produced proof that the stratospheric ozone has partially disappeared over Antarctica. This observation and the known chemical mechanism were crucial pieces of evidence that together led in 1987 to the signing of the Montreal Protocol on reducing the use of CFCs. The replacement of CFCs has also relied on science to produce alternative methods of refrigeration.


丂In Britain now we tend to take our good health for granted, but we should remember how common death at an early age would have been in the pre-industrial era, and that the reason why that is no longer so is mostly due to advances in science. As the historian J. H. Plumb once commented : 'No one in his senses would choose to have been born in a previous age unless he could be certain that he would have been born into a prosperous family, that he would have enjoyed extremely good health, and that he would have accepted stoically the death of the majority of his children.'


丂Information technology has already had an enormous effect on the availability and speed of transfer of information. It has literally shrunk the world 乗 or at least the developed world. However, as the technology develops, and computers become cheaper, and thus affordable by more and more people in all parts of the world, this new global access to information will have profound and, in some cases, regrettable consequences.


丂I am not arguing for the mindless pursuit of scientific change; I am arguing against a mindless opposition to it. Our lives in the coming century will inevitably be changed by the revolutions taking place in almost all scientific fields. However, it is only the existence of a properly regulated scientific framework that will ensure that these developments are put to use for our collective good. We cannot turn away from progress, but we can encourage it and guide it in such a way that people in all countries may enjoy its advantages.


丂Thus, in the fields of both health care and the environment 乗 as well as in other areas, such as transport, media, information technology and food 乗 scientific progress is improving the quality of our lives. But we must never be arrogant about the advance of science: terrible medical tragedies, such as Thalidomide, and the development of weapons of mass destruction, have to be set against progress.


丂The result has been an incredible increase in the quality and length of our lives over the past fifty years. If we take the world as a whole, life expectancy at birth rose from 46.4 years in 1950-55 to 64.4 years in 1990-95. And, equally significant, the gap in life expectancy between the more developed regions and the less developed ones fell from 26 years in 1950-55 to 12 years in 1990-95.





丂嵶偐偄晹暘偼抂愜偭偰丄偳偺傛偆偵暥復峔憿傪尒敳偔偺偐偲偄偆帇揰偐傜尒偰偄偒傑偟傚偆丅

丂傑偲傕偵慡暥傪撉傫偱暲傃傪峫偊傞偲堦斒揑側庴尡惗側傜20暘偐傜30暘偔傜偄偐偐傞偱偟傚偆偑丄偙傟傪搶戝擖帋偱偼10暘偐傜15暘偔傜偄偱嵪傑偣側偗傟偽側傝傑偣傫丅慡暥傪撉傓側偳摓掙晄壜擻側偺偱偡偹丅傕偪傠傫丄慡暥撉傫偱傕側偍帪娫偑梋傞傎偳偺塸岅椡傪恎偵偮偗傞偙偲偼晄壜擻偱偼側偄偱偡偑丄懡偔偺嫵壢傪曌嫮偣偹偽側傜側偄庴尡惗偵偦傟傪媮傔傞偺偼崜偱偡丅乽偦偺崜側偙偲傪偱偒傞恖娫偩偗偑搶戝偵峴偗傞偺偩乿偲峫偊傞恖傕偄傞偱偟傚偆偑丄乽偦偆偄偆晧偗將傒偨偄側偙偲傪尵偭偰偨傜妛椡偑怢傃側偄傫偩傛偹偉乿偲旂擏傪尵偭偰偍偔偙偲偵偟傑偟傚偆丅
丂偱偼偳偆偡傞偐丅

丂奺抜棊偺奣梫傪捦傫偱丄暥復慡懱偺棳傟傪攃埇偡傞偺偱偡丅塸岅偱偼丄侾抜棊偵侾偮偺僩僺僢僋偲偄偆尨懃偑旕忢偵嫮偔摥偄偰偄傑偡丅傑偨丄愙懕帉偺巊偄曽傕旕忢偵崌棟揑偱偡丅堄枴丒撪梕偐傜峫偊傞偺偱偼側偔丄榑棟揑側偮側偑傝偐傜峫偊偰偄偒傑偟傚偆丅

丂傑偢丄奺抜棊偺侾暥栚傪尒偰偄偒傑偡丅偦偺抜棊偺僥乕儅偼侾暥栚偵彂偄偰偁傞偙偲偑懡偄偐傜偱偡丅偨偩偟丄偁偔傑偱偙傟偼尨懃側偺偱丄侾暥栚偱偼傛偔暘偐傜側偄応崌偼廮擃偵懳墳偟偰偄偒傑偟傚偆丅

丂傑偢(1)丅
Science and technology have improved our lives over the past 150 years.
丂乽壢妛傗媄弍偑変乆偺惗妶傪夵慞偟偨乿偲偁傝傑偡丅

丂師偵(4)丅
The benefits of science are thus enormous
丂乽偙偺傛偆偵壢妛偺壎宐偼嫄戝偱偁傞乿丅thus偵拲栚偟偰偍偒傑偟傚偆丅偲偄偆偙偲偼丄偙偺捈慜偵偼乽壢妛偺壎宐乿偵摉偨傞撪梕偑棃傞偼偢偱偡丅偝傜偵師偺晹暘偵傕拲栚丅

and not only in the areas of life expectancy and health care.
丂乽庻柦傗暉巸偺椞堟偩偗偱偼側偔乿偲偁傝傑偡丅not only偼捠忢乽not only A but also B乿偱巊傢傟傑偡丅乽A偲摨條偵乿偲慜抲偒偟偮偮俛偺曽傪嫮挷偡傞嵺偵巊偆傢偗偱偡偐傜丄A偼婛弌偁傞偄偼廃抦偺撪梕偑棃傑偡丅傑偨丄偙偙偱偼B偵摉偨傞晹暘偑偁傝傑偣傫丅偙傟傜偐傜悇應偱偒傞偺偼丄乽A偵摉偨傞撪梕偼偡偱偵彂偐傟偰偍傝丄B偵摉偨傞撪梕偼偙傟偐傜彂偐傟傞乿偲偄偆偙偲偱偡丅
丂偲偄偆傢偗偱愭偵師偺暥傪偝傜傝偲尒傞偲丄乽one of the gravest problems we face is damage to the environment乿偲偁傝傑偡丅偮傑傝丄(2)(3)偼乽壢妛偵傛傞丄庻柦傗暉巸暘栰傊偺壎宐乿偲寛傑傝丄側偍偐偮偙偙偐傜偼乽娐嫬乿偵偮偄偰偺榖戣偑巒傑傞偲偄偆偙偲偵側傝傑偡丅

丂師偵(7)丅
To guard against such threats to human well-being
乽偦偺傛偆側恖娫偺岾暉偵懳偡傞嫼埿偐傜恎傪庣傞偨傔乿丅乽such threat乿偲偁傞偙偲偐傜丄捈慜偵偼乽嫼埿乿傪帵偡撪梕偑棃傞偙偲偵側傝傑偡丅
丂偦偟偰we must make certain that we have effective systems of regulation 偲偁傝丄乽婯惂偑昁梫乿偲偄偆撪梕傪捦傫偱偍偒傑偡丅

丂偙偙傑偱偱暘偐偭偨偙偲傪傑偲傔偰偍偒傑偟傚偆丅

丂(1)乽壢妛傗媄弍偑変乆偺惗妶傪夵慞偟偨乿
丂(2)(3)偼乽壢妛偺庻柦傗暉巸偵懳偡傞壎宐乿偵娭偡傞撪梕
丂(4)偙偺傛偆偵壢妛偺壎宐偼嫄戝偱偁傞仺偙偙偐傜乽娐嫬乿偺榖戣傊
丂(5)(6)偍偦傜偔娐嫬栤戣丄偦偟偰乽恖娫偵懳偡傞嫼埿乿偺榖戣
丂(7)乽壢妛偵偼婯惂偑昁梫乿


丂偝偰丄慖戰巿偺暥傪撉傓嵺偺曽岦惈偑尒偊偰偒傑偟偨丅
乽庻柦傗暉巸乿偺榖戣偐丄乽娐嫬栤戣側偳恖娫傊偺嫼埿乿偺榖戣偐丄暘偗偰偄偗偽傛偄偺偱偡

丂傑偢傾丅
丂侾暥栚傪尒傞偲乽僆僝儞憌傪攋夡偡傞CFC乿偲尵偭偰傞偺偱丄僼儘儞偺榖偱偡丅偮傑傝偙傟偼乽娐嫬栤戣乿偱偡偹丅

丂師偵僀丅
丂侾暥栚偱乽good health乿偲偄偆岅偑尒偊傞偺偱丄偙傟偼乽庻柦傗暉巸乿偺曽丅
丂捠忢偼丄but偺屻傠偺曽偵拲栚偟偰偍偔昁梫偑偁傝傑偡偑丄崱夞偼乽偦偺抜棊偱壗傪榖戣偵偟偰偄傞偐乿偑暘偐傟偽偄偄偺偱丄but埲壓偼柍帇偟偰偐傑偄傑偣傫丅晛捠偺挿暥偱偼丄侾暥栚搑拞傗俀暥栚偺摢偱but偑栚偵擖偭偨傜丄偦偪傜偺曽傪廳帇偟偰壓偝偄

丂僂丅
丂侾暥栚偺庡岅偐傜乽忣曬媄弍乿偺榖偲暘偐傝傑偡丅暥偺棳傟偵偦偖傢側偄偺偱丄偙偺慖戰巿偼晄梫偵側傝偦偆偩偲婥晅偗傑偡丅

丂師偵僄丅
I am not arguing for the mindless pursuit of scientific change; I am arguing against a mindless opposition to it
丂I am not arguing乣; I am arguing乧偲偄偆宍偱偡偹丅乽乣偲庡挘偟偰偄傞偺偱偼側偔乧偲庡挘偟偰偄傞偺偩乿偲偄偆偙偲偱偡丅偙偆偄偆暥慡懱偺峔憿偵栚偑岦偔傛偆偵忢偵堄幆偟傑偟傚偆偹丅
丂偮傑傝偼乽not A but B乿偺僶儕僄乕僔儑儞偺侾偮偱偡丅僙儈僐儘儞偑but偺栶妱傪壥偨偟偰偄傞偺偱偡丅尵偄偨偄偙偲偼but偺屻傠偱偡偐傜偦偪傜傪尒傞偲乽壢妛偵懳偡傞怱側偄斀懳偵懳偟偰斀懳偟偰偄傞偺偩乿丅乽斀懳偵斀懳乿偱偡偐傜偞偭偔傝偲傜偊傟偽乽壢妛偵巀惉乿偲尵偆偙偲偱偡丅乽not A but B乿偲偄偆娭學偑惉棫偡傞偨傔偵偼not A偺晹暘偼乽壢妛偵斀懳乿偲偄偆偙偲偱偡丅

丂偝偰僆丅
Thus, in the fields of both health care and the environment 偲偁傝傑偡丅乽偙偺傛偆偵丄暉巸偲娐嫬偺椉暘栰偱乿偲偁傝傑偡丅乽娐嫬乿偑榖戣偵擖偭偰偒偰偄傞偺偱丄偙傟偼(4)偺屻傠偵擖偭偰偙側偄偲偍偐偟偄偱偡偹丅偟偐傕乽偙偺傛偆偵乿偲庴偗偰乽暉巸乿偲乽娐嫬乿偺憃曽傪帩偪弌偟偰偄傞偺偱丄乽娐嫬乿傪榖戣偵偟偨晹暘偺朻摢偱偼側偔丄屻傠偺曽偵棃側偄偲捯咫偑崌偄傑偣傫丅傑偢乽暉巸乿偵偮偄偰榖傪偟丄師偵乽娐嫬乿偵偮偄偰榖傪偟丄偦偟偰偦偺屻偱乽偦偺椉曽偱乿偲傑偲傔傞傢偗偱偡偹丅
丂側偍丄偙偙偼in亄柤帉偺暃帉嬪偱丄傆偮偆暥偺戝堄傪偲傜偊傞嵺偵偼傓偟傠柍帇偡傞晹暘偱偡偑丄偙偙傕乽壗傪榖戣偵偟偰偄傞偐乿偑暘偐傟偽OK側偺偱丄庡愡偼柍帇偟偰偟傑偄傑偡丅

丂嵟屻偵僇丅
The result has been an incredible increase in the quality and length of our lives
丂乽偦偺寢壥偑恖惗偺幙傗挿偝偺岦忋乿偲偁傝傑偡偐傜丄乽庻柦傗暉巸乿偺榖偱偡偹丅

丂傑偲傔傞偲偙傫側姶偠偵側傝傑偡丅

丂傾丗乽娐嫬栤戣乿偺榖戣
丂僀丗乽庻柦傗暉巸乿偺榖戣
丂僂丗乽忣曬媄弍乿偺榖戣
丂僄丗乽壢妛偵斀懳偲尵偄偨偄偺偱偼側偔丄壢妛偵巀惉偱偁傞乿
丂僆丗乽暉巸乿偲乽娐嫬乿偺椉曽
丂僇丗乽庻柦傗暉巸乿偺榖戣


丂(2)(3)偵擖傞偺偑僀偲僇丅
丂(5)(6)偵擖傞偺偑傾偲僆丅

丂巆傞(8)偵僄偑擖傞傛偆偱偡偑丄(7)偱乽壢妛偵偼婯惂偑昁梫偩乿偲弎傋偰丄(8)偱乽偱傕壢妛偵斀懳偲偄偆傢偗偠傖側偄傛丄壢妛偵偼巀惉偩傛乿偲偄偆偙偲偱丄暥偺棳傟偲偟偰傕帺慠偱偡偹丅
丂傑偨丄(5)(6)偵偮偄偰傕丄(5)偑傾丄(6)偑僆偲妋掕偟傑偡丅偝偭偒傕弎傋偨傛偆偵丄乽暉巸乿偲乽娐嫬乿偺椉曽偑弌偦傠偭偨屻偱乽偦偺椉曽偱乿偲偟側偄偲捯咫偑崌傢側偄偐傜偱偡丅

丂僀偲僇偺弴斣偺栤戣偩偗偑巆傝傑偡丅
丂偙傟傕擄偟偄榖偱偼側偔丄僇偵乽偦偺寢壥偑恖惗偺幙偲挿偝偺岦忋乿偲偁傝傑偡偐傜丄捈慜偵乽庻柦偑墑傃傞棟桼乿偵摉偨傞暥偑偙側偗傟偽側傜側偄傢偗偱偡丅
丂僀偺儔僗僩偵偼J. H. Plumb偺尵梩偑堷梡偝傟偰傑偡偑丄偦偺恖偺尵梩偺寢壥偱庻柦偑墑傃傞偼偢偑偁傝傑偣傫丅傛偭偰丄僇仺僀偲側傞偼偢偱偡丅擮偺偨傔(1)偺儔僗僩傪尒傞偲丄乽堛妛偺恑曕偑昦婥偺嫼埿傪尭偠偨乿偲偁傝傑偡丅庻柦偑墑傃傞尨場偲偟偰揔摉偱偡偹丅

丂夝摎傪傑偲傔傞偲偙偆側傝傑偡丅

丂(2)僇丂(3)僀丂(5)傾丂(6)僆丂(8)僄

丂偙偺傛偆偵丄暥復傪慡偰撉傒愗傜側偔偰傕抜棊惍彉偼夝偔偙偲偑偱偒傑偡丅偙偙偱夝愢偟偨偙偲偼寛偟偰乽彫尗偟偄僥僋僯僢僋乿偱偼偁傝傑偣傫丅嵶偐偄晹暘偵曔傜傢傟偢偵慡懱偵栚傪岦偗傞偲偄偆峫偊曽傪恎偵偮偗傑偟傚偆丅